Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

重要农业文化遗产价值体系构建及评估(I):价值体系构建与评价方法研究

重要农业文化遗产是一类典型的资源可持续利用保护地，其水土管理方式、知识体系、文化内涵等对于协调社区生计与生态保护具有积极作用。这类传统生计区域往往与自然保护地毗邻或在其范围内，对其蕴含的价值进行识别与保护，不仅是提升农业文化遗产管理的诉求，也能够支持自然保护地体系优化与功能区划管理。本研究对重要农业文化遗产价值进行系统识别，基于农业文化遗产的广义概念与全球重要农业文化遗产的狭义概念，借鉴多类型自然保护地与世界遗产、生态系统服务功能、自然资源资产等价值体系，从农业文化遗产的复合性、活态性与战略性特点出发，把握其核心价值，构建重要农业文化遗产的价值体系。在充分吸收生态系统服务价值评估、自然资源资产价值核算、自然文化遗产价值评估、品牌价值评估等定量或定性评价方法的基础上，提出一套完整的重要农业文化遗产货币价值评价方法。以系统科学和可持续发展理论为基础，重要农业文化遗产价值主要包括存在价值和潜在价值，其中存在价值以载体价值和服务价值为核心，服务价值则可细分为产品价值、生态价值、社会价值等9类，25个具体指标。研究进一步提出存在价值的评价方法与潜在指标可能测算路径。构建的重要农业文化遗产价值体系以及所提出的评价方法，可为以价值保护为基础进行农业文化遗产管理提供理论依据，为管理决策者在区域保护与发展协调决策中提供科学基础。     

Effects of natural pyrethrum and synthetic pyrethroids on the tiger mosquito,Aedes albopictus (skuse) and non-target flower-visiting insects in urban green areas of Padua,Italy

Abstract

The tiger mosquito is a key vector of several human diseases and is considered a public health concern worldwide. The implementation of strategies aimed at maximizing mosquito control without affecting non-target insect groups is of major importance. In a field trial, we tested the efficiency of a natural pyrethrum-based vs. a synthetic pyrethroid-based insecticide in reducing tiger mosquito population and how they affect the diversity of non-target flower-visiting insects in green urban areas. Only the pyrethroid insecticide was effective in reducing mosquito abundance, although its effects disappeared nine days after application. The two adulticides did not significantly affect the diversity of flower-visiting insects, probably because of their large body size and the difference in flying and foraging activity. To effectively control mosquito populations while preventing intoxication of non-target flower-visiting insects, adulticide applications should be applied early in the morning and only on bushes and trees. Results from our small-scale applications cannot be extrapolate when larger areas are treated.     

西藏日喀则地区牧草供需研究

本研究采用供需计算公式分析日喀则地区牧草供给量和需求量，用供需差值计算法计算牧草供给缺口，同时据此预测未来10年日喀则地区的牧草需求量及缺口，以期为促进该地区牧草产业发展提出建议。结果表明：2000-2019年，日喀则地区牧草供不应求，缺口较大，最大为222.87万t，最小为132.88万t。未来10年的牧草需求和缺口预测数据表明：日喀则牧草需求量维持在300~400万t之间，缺口虽呈逐年减小的趋势，但数值依然较大。因此，本研究从自然环境、制度政策、经济发展三个方面提出建议，为解决牧草供需矛盾提供有效依据。     

哈尔滨地区大豆蚜及其天敌昆虫的多年种群动态和相关性分析

为明确大豆蚜种群数量与其天敌昆虫龟纹瓢虫[Propylea japonica(Thunberg)]、异色瓢虫[Harmonia axyridia(Pallas)]及花蝽(Orius sp.)的田间发生情况及二者的相关性,采用对角线五点取样、借助直接观察法,对哈尔滨地区大豆蚜及上述天敌昆虫的种群动态(2008-2014年)进行了系统调查。记录各年份大豆蚜种群数量峰值及峰值日后第6天各天敌昆虫的种群数量,并对大豆蚜与天敌昆虫的发生关系进行了相关分析。结果表明:6月为大豆蚜的田间始发期,7-8月为其田间猖獗期,9月为其消亡期。在大豆蚜的始发期和猖獗期,田间均有龟纹瓢虫(成虫和幼虫)、异色瓢虫(成虫和幼虫)及花蝽(成虫和若虫)的发生。龟纹瓢虫幼虫和异色瓢虫成虫的田间种群数量与大豆蚜的种群数量间均呈现显著相关性。     

不同干燥方法对苜蓿干草调制的影响

针对影响人工干燥苜蓿的水分、密度、摆放方式和人工辅助干燥方式4个因素进行人工鼓风干燥处理,设计L9(34)正交试验,监测高水分苜蓿草捆的湿度变化情况,比较不同处理营养物质、相对饲用价值和经济指标.对比分析结果可知:自然晾晒苜蓿干草时,营养物质损失严重;苜蓿高水分打捆后人工继续鼓风干燥处理有利于保存苜蓿干草的营养价值,其中水分为30％～35％、密度为120kg/m3、间隔20cm摆放、两台鼓风机每日鼓风干燥3h为最优组合,所得苜蓿草捆的品质较好.     

鸭坦布苏病毒自然感染病例的诊断与病理学观察

为探究鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)在贵州省鸭群的流行,对疑似DTMUV感染肉种鸭进行剖检,观察发病鸭内脏器官病变。取病鸭内脏组织进行RT-PCR检测确诊为DTMUV感染,将病料处理后接种BHK-21细胞,进行RT-PCR鉴定和透射电镜观察,确定分离到DTMUV,并将病料组织制作病理切片。结果显示,接种BHK-21出现明显CPE,电镜观察见病毒颗粒。将分离毒株的E基因经PCR扩增后测序,分析E基因氨基酸序列的同源性,发现所分离毒株与中国北京鸭源参考株同源性最高达99.39%,而与我国早期分离参考株(FX2010)同源性较低,将病料制作切片并进行HE染色,可见脑组织非化脓性脑炎,脾脏淋巴细胞减少,肝细胞变性坏死。本研究成功在贵州省分离到一株DTMUV,对其遗传进化进行分析,为探究贵州省养鸭地区DTMUV的感染和致病提供参考。     

Winter soil CO2 efflux in two contrasting forest ecosystems on the eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

Significant CO2 fluxes from snow-covered soils occur in cold biomes. However, little is known about winter soil respiration on the eastern Tibetan Plateau of China. We therefore measured winter soil CO...     

红椿天然种群分布格局尺度研究

为研究濒危物种红椿(Toona ciliata Roem.)的种群分布格局,在谷城南河流域对发现的仅有两个红椿种群(T1,T2),以相邻格子法设置5 m×5 m、3 m×3 m的样方,精确到1 m格子.通过 χ2检验、Cx的t检验、Morisita Iδ的F检验,对种群分布格局进行判断是否符合泊松分布.结果表明,T1种群在5 m×5 m、3 m×3 m样方尺度下,Cx和Iδ均为泊松分布,5 m×5 m尺度 χ2检验为集群分布,3 m×3 m尺度为Poisosn分布;干扰种群T2种群密度较大,3种检验均为集群分布.因此,分布格局满足 χ2检验的泊松分布,样方设置应注重尺度和数量;df越大,理论值与观测值更可能越接近正态分布,种群分布格局的检验更加真实可信.     

中国天然橡胶“走出去”发展存在的问题与对策分析

对海南、广东、云南三大天然橡胶产区"走出去"发展进行对比分析,了解三大产区"走出去"发展的现状和存在的问题,并基于这些问题提出一些相关的政策建议。